In recent decades, Urban tourism has led to various spatial evolutions in the holy city of Mashhad. Excessive concentration of key actors of Mashhad Urban tourism on the potential of religious tourism caused to the lack of optimal attention to the potential of other types of Urban tourism. It is tried in this research with a descriptive approach, to study spatial effects of Urban tourism attractions on Mashhad tourism services. For this purpose, the spatial data of the Mashhad Urban database has been used. The results of this study indicate the significant spatial effects of Razavi Shrine on the spatial distribution of tourism services studied in this study. Compared to the Razavi Shrine, other tourist attractions have had a different effect on the spatial distribution of Urban tourism services in Mashhad.

The importance of sustainability development for developing countries and their tourism is a major issue. This study presents a new approach and framework for spatial modelling of tourism products potentials (TPP) in their sustainability evaluation. The approach was developed based on the GIS multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and its performance was evaluated for spatial TPP mapping in Tabriz city, Iran. To achieve this purpose, we recognized the main Components of tourism Development indicators (CTDI) such as attractions, accommodation, services and infrastructures facilities to improving sustainable tourism, and determined their significance using the Geographic information systems (GIS). Furthermore, the uncertainty analyze was applied to diminish the inherent error in criteria weights. A GIS-based aggregation function was applied to discern the TPP map. Finally, the emphasis in this paper investigates the practical usage of GIS for the benefit of sustainable tourism development. In particular, it inquired the possible opportunities and challenges facing the adoption of GIS to assist sustainable tourism development. The purpose of this article is to map and explore existing and potential attractions, tourism services and facilities in Tabriz and to ensure that potential opportunities are available for all tourists to enjoy enjoyable experiences in order to reveal their diverse economic, social, political and cultural benefits. Build on the positive and negative aspects of their construction and present them with appropriate solutions for tourism development that lead to sustainable tourism development and infrastructure improvement.

A B S T R A C TThe present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting improving the quality of Urban housing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research was the residents of 8 residential complexes of Atabak neighborhood in District 15 of Tehran. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software. The findings of this research showed physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368, the variable of access to Urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, the variable of housing social conditions with a path coefficient of 0.169, and environmental quality with a path coefficient of 0.302 has a positive and significant impact on housing quality. According to the path coefficient obtained for the research variables, the amount of their impact on housing quality is evaluated as average. Among the identified factors, the factor of physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact, and the factor of access to Urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339 is ranked second. Also, this factor has a positive and significant effect on the physical quality factor of housing.Extended AbstractIntroductionAtabak neighborhood is one of the neighborhoods of District 15 of Tehran. In this neighborhood, physical changes have been made according to the interventions of the Tehran municipality in line with the implementation of the Urban landscape plan and organized (inflow of private sector capital) in different years so far. Along with these interventions, the inadequacy of infrastructure and services to meet the population's needs has become this neighborhood's basic problem. Attention to its qualitative aspect needs to be addressed. This matter is important from the point of view of providing the city's basic needs, equitable distribution of facilities and resources, reducing Urban inequalities, improving economic-social indicators, preventing unbridled and unplanned expansion, and ultimately improving the quality of life of the people. It demands that the quality of housing and the factors affecting it be evaluated and that a double effort be made to improve it, and it can provide a suitable context for providing suitable models of housing quality for citizens. Considering the mentioned cases, this research aims to answer the question:- What are the effective factors in improving the quality of housing? MethodologyThe current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Mobaat, Minabi, Atabek, Shahrak Sajjadieh, Yas, Zahid Gilani, Shahid Asadi, and Safa residential complexes located in Atabak neighborhood of District 15 of Tehran. The statistical population was equal to 20469 people, and based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected; the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in the form of face and face validity as well as divergent validity. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used, and according to the results presented in the research findings section, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data obtained from this research were analyzed using structural modeling using SPSS and PLS software. Results and discussion This research showed that physical quality has a positive and significant effect on improving housing quality; according to the value of the obtained path coefficient, which is equal to 0.368, the value of this effect is considered moderate. Based on the results, it can be said that physical dimensions, such as the physical crystallization of housing, are the most objective and material issues in housing evaluation, analysis, and planning. Concerning the impact of access to Urban services on the quality of housing, the findings indicated a significant impact of access to Urban services. In explaining the results of this section, it can be said that gradually, the housing is changing from a single purpose to a shelter. Those other aspects of welfare and social comfort are also added; the limits of enjoying services and access to the essentials of life are shown to evaluate the housing quality. These indicators are very important in determining housing quality and are an integral part of housing planning. Access to Urban housing services is considered one of the main indicators of life, which the Population Crisis Committee has used to measure quality in the world's metropolises. In relation to social conditions and environmental quality on the quality of housing, the results of this research confirmed the impact of the social environment and environmental quality on the quality of housing. Creating residential spaces is a topic that has been discussed previously. From the beginning, human beings have tried to create a favorable living environment that matches the quality conditions of their residence's social and environmental environment. ConclusionThis research was written to explain the factors affecting improving the quality of Urban housing. The findings of this research showed that among the studied factors, the physical quality factor with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact on improving the quality of Urban housing in Tehran, such that this factor can explain 13.5% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. Physical quality is defined based on the structural basis of a building and is often defined in the form of rules and standards related to it. The physical quality is sometimes interpreted as the appearance of buildings. Since they are fixed and real things, they are the reason for the emergence of general indicators for housing evaluation. The second factor is access to Urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, so this factor can explain 11.4% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. This factor has been ranked second regarding the impact on housing quality according to the path coefficient value obtained. In third place was the factor of environmental quality with the path coefficient value of 0.302, and this factor can explain 1.9% of the variance of the variable of housing quality. Moreover, in the last place is the factor of housing social conditions, which has a path coefficient of 0.196. Also, from the other results of this research, we can mention the positive effect of access to the quality of Urban services on the improvement of the physical condition of housing, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for this effect is equal to 0.623 so that it is 38.8% of the variance of the variable. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Urban environmental justice is considered as one of the Urban sustainable development pillars to improve the quality of life, freedom, welfare, and security for all citizens. The aim of this study is to evaluate the equitable distribution of tourism ecosystem services as one of the most important Urban ecosystem services. The research methodology is based on analytical evaluation method that examines the current status of tourism ecosystem service distribution by using of supply, demand and access analysis to evaluate the equitable distribution of tourism ecosystem services. Three models containing Invest tourism model, Geocache and tourism Opportunity Spectrum model were used to estimate flow, supply, and access to this ecosystem services. Also, Social status indicators were used to deman analysis all over districts of Tehran. Results of each three models, revealed that however there is high demand for this service in the southern and central districts, tourism ecosystem services flow and supply in northern districts especially No. 1 to 4 districts were higher than others in all three models. Despite the similar outcomes of all three models, the tourism opportunity spectrum model provided better results for assessing the toursm ecosystem services. Finally, main results of this study confirmed injustice of ecosystem services distrbution in Tehran so that the southern and central districts of Tehran do not benefit adequately from this ecosystem service due to distance, inadequate access, and lower socioeconomic status.

2Objective(s): Health tourism is a branch of the tourism industry that is of interest to many countries of the world due to its high demand and good income. Therefore, considering the importance of health tourism and the existing potential in Mazandaran province, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the development of the health tourism industry in Mazandaran province. Methods: The present study was conducted using a qualitative method with a content analysis approach. For this purpose, 17 health tourism industry experts and health tourists were selected using the purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The interviews were conducted until we reached a point of theoretical data saturation. Results: The findings showed that the health tourism industry in Mazandaran province is affected by structural, process and contextual factors. The structural factors included issues related to infrastructures, potentials/attractions, institutional factors, and expert human resources for health tourism destination. The process factor included issues related to drivers of health tourism, provision of health services and destination situational factors. The contextual-field factor included issues related to sociocultural contexts, potentials and attractiveness of tourism, and economic capacity. Conclusion: Despite the importance of services related to health tourism and considering the increasing demand of this industry, travelers who travel to Mazandaran province need a variety of services, and the need to pay attention to quality service development in tourism destinations is evident. Therefore, the provision of other essentials for health tourists such as infrastructure, destination attractions, financial capacities, sociocultural conditions, human resources, situational factors are  the requirements for the development of this industry.

In recent decades, tourism has a growing trend and increasingly affected on national economies. Due to globalization, tourism importance is increasing and gets particular attention in economic and social development plans of countries, to have a suitable position in attracting tourist by using existing potential and capacities. In our country planners and decision makers are trying to develop tourism and also in Isfahan seek to use the geographical, historical, natural and cultural capabilities to develop Urban tourism. In this research by using GIS and using Moran index and G index determined that Site selection for new tourism spaces are spatially correlated, Moran index was 0, 73 and close to 1 that means that site selections are spatially correlated, not sporadically, have an integrated relationship and also the distribution of new tourism spaces is fair. New tourism spaces of Isfahan except 3 tourism spaces (City Center, Forough Garden and Ghaemieh Park) are clustered and surrounded by similar spaces that are in same level of accessing to services. Finally, the hotspot of new tourism spaces was identified: JahanNama indoor amusement park, Telesizh lift, Ghadir garden, aquatic complex, bowling and amusement of Soffe and reptile complex. The most positive rate in the analysis of hotspots was for JahanNama indoor amusement park, because of having all of the criteria investigated in this study. In recent decades, tourism has a growing trend and increasingly affected on national economies. Due to globalization, tourism importance is increasing and gets particular attention in economic and social development plans of countries, to have a suitable position in attracting tourist by using existing potential and capacities. In our country planners and decision makers are trying to develop tourism and also in Isfahan seek to use the geographical, historical, natural and cultural capabilities to develop Urban tourism. In this research by using GIS and using Moran index and G index determined that Site selection for new tourism spaces are spatially correlated, Moran index was 0, 73 and close to 1 that means that site selections are spatially correlated, not sporadically, have an integrated relationship and also the distribution of new tourism spaces is fair. New tourism spaces of Isfahan except 3 tourism spaces (City Center, Forough Garden and Ghaemieh Park) are clustered and surrounded by similar spaces that are in same level of accessing to services. Finally, the hotspot of new tourism spaces was identified: JahanNama indoor amusement park, Telesizh lift, Ghadir garden, aquatic complex, bowling and amusement of Soffe and reptile complex. The most positive rate in the analysis of hotspots was for JahanNama indoor amusement park, because of having all of the criteria investigated in this study. In recent decades, tourism has a growing trend and increasingly affected on national economies. Due to globalization, tourism importance is increasing and gets particular attention in economic and social development plans of countries, to have a suitable position in attracting tourist by using existing potential and capacities. In our country planners and decision makers are trying to develop tourism and also in Isfahan seek to use the geographical, historical, natural and cultural capabilities to develop Urban tourism. In this research by using GIS and using Moran index and G index determined that Site selection for new tourism spaces are spatially correlated, Moran index was 0, 73 and close to 1 that means that site selections are spatially correlated, not sporadically, have an integrated relationship and also the distribution of new tourism spaces is fair. New tourism spaces of Isfahan except 3 tourism spaces (City Center, Forough Garden and Ghaemieh Park) are clustered and surrounded by similar spaces that are in same level of accessing to services. Finally, the hotspot of new tourism spaces was identified: JahanNama indoor amusement park, Telesizh lift, Ghadir garden, aquatic complex, bowling and amusement of Soffe and reptile complex. The most positive rate in the analysis of hotspots was for JahanNama indoor amusement park, because of having all of the criteria investigated in this study. In recent decades, tourism has a growing trend and increasingly affected on national economies. Due to globalization, tourism importance is increasing and gets particular attention in economic and social development plans of countries, to have a suitable position in attracting tourist by using existing potential and capacities. In our country planners and decision makers are trying to develop tourism and also in Isfahan seek to use the geographical, historical, natural and cultural capabilities to develop Urban tourism. In this research by using GIS and using Moran index and G index determined that Site selection for new tourism spaces are spatially correlated, Moran index was 0, 73 and close to 1 that means that site selections are spatially correlated, not sporadically, have an integrated relationship and also the distribution of new tourism spaces is fair. New tourism spaces of Isfahan except 3 tourism spaces (City Center, Forough Garden and Ghaemieh Park) are clustered and surrounded by similar spaces that are in same level of accessing to services. Finally, the hotspot of new tourism spaces was identified: JahanNama indoor amusement park, Telesizh lift, Ghadir garden, aquatic complex, bowling and amusement of Soffe and reptile complex. The most positive rate in the analysis of hotspots was for JahanNama indoor amusement park, because of having all of the criteria investigated in this study. In recent decades, tourism has a growing trend and increasingly affected on national economies. Due to globalization, tourism importance is increasing and gets particular attention in economic and social development plans of countries, to have a suitable position in attracting tourist by using existing potential and capacities. In our country planners and decision makers are trying to develop tourism and also in Isfahan seek to use the geographical, historical, natural and cultural capabilities to develop Urban tourism. In this research by using GIS and using Moran index and G index determined that Site selection for new tourism spaces are spatially correlated, Moran index was 0, 73 and close to 1 that means that site selections are spatially correlated, not sporadically, have an integrated relationship and also the distribution of new tourism spaces is fair.